By Dr. Mary Nabatanzi, Paediatric Specialist at UMC Victoria Hospital
The first five years of life are critical for building a strong immune system that protects a child from infections and disease.
Introduction
Children under five are more vulnerable to infections because their immune systems are still developing. Frequent colds, coughs, fevers, and stomach upsets are common during this stage.
However, with the right nutrition, vaccinations, hygiene practices, and preventive care, parents can significantly strengthen their child’s immunity.
Understanding Immunity in Young Children
The immune system protects the body from bacteria, viruses, and other harmful organisms.
In children under five:
- The immune system is still maturing.
- Exposure to mild infections helps build natural immunity.
- Proper care supports stronger defence mechanisms.
There are two types of immunity:
- Innate immunity – Present from birth
- Acquired immunity – Developed through exposure and vaccination
Keyways to Build Strong Immunity
1. Proper Nutrition
Nutrition is the foundation of a strong immune system.
Parents should ensure children receive:
- Breastfeeding (exclusive for first 6 months if possible). Early colostrum has plenty of antibodies which provide the infant with immunity for the first 6months of life.
- When serving food to children, put foods of different colours to give the different nutrients.
- Whole fruit preferred for juices.
- Fruits and vegetables rich in vitamins A and C.
- Protein sources (eggs, beans, fish, meat)
- Iron-rich foods to prevent anaemia
- Adequate water intake
Limit processed foods and sugary snacks.
2. Complete Immunization
Vaccination protects children from serious illnesses such as:
- Measles
- Polio
- Pneumonia
- Whooping cough
Ensure your child follows the national immunization schedule.
3. Adequate Sleep
Children under five require:
- Parents are encouraged to make a sleep routine or lights out routine as early as possible
- Start good sleep hygiene practices early in children lives eg avoid TV Screens, phones or tablets in their bedrooms.
- 10–14 hours of sleep depending on age
Sleep supports immune cell production and body repair.
4. Good Hygiene Practices
Teach and practice:
- Ensure proper oral care eg brushing teeth before sleep, stating from the time they get the first tooth.
- Feeding using open cups or spoons and saucer as compared to using bottles.
- For Infants and Toddlers; wash hands and face before meals
- Proper disposal of stool and spoilt pampers
- Regular handwashing with soap
- Clean feeding utensils
- Safe drinking water
- Clean living environment
Good hygiene prevents common infections like diarrhea and flu.
5. Outdoor Play & Sunlight
Moderate outdoor activity:
- Exposes children to less harmful viruses and bacteria which stimulates immunity
- Control screen or gadget time t maximum 2hrs
- Outdoor play prevents early childhood obesity and other non-communicable diseases.
- Improves circulation
- Boosts Vitamin D levels
- Strengthens overall health
Encourage daily safe outdoor play.
Preventive Measures to Reduce Frequent Illness
Parents should:
Ensure children sleep under mosquito nets
Ensure sick children complete the given medication with right doses eg malaria to prevent disease spread/community outbreak.
✔ Avoid overcrowded places during outbreaks
✔ Keep children away from sick individuals
✔ Ensure proper ventilation at home
✔ Seek early medical care when symptoms persist
✔ Avoid self-medication
When to S ee a doctor
Consult a healthcare professional if your child:
- Has persistent high fever
- Is not feeding well
- Has difficulty breathing
- Is losing weight
- Gets infections repeatedly
- Sick children who may be on treatment but worsening instead
Early intervention prevents complications.
Conclusion
Building strong immunity in children under five requires consistent effort from parents and caregivers. Through proper nutrition, vaccination, hygiene, sleep, and regular medical check-ups, children can grow healthier and stronger.
Healthy children today build healthier communities tomorrow.
